It is preferred for the one who is praying to place a sutrah (or some sort of partition)
in front of him in order to keep others from passing in front of him and to keep
his eyesight from going behind this partition.
Abu Sa'id reports that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam said: "When one of
you prays, he should pray toward his sutrah and he should be close to it." This
is related by Abu Dawud and Ibn Majah.
Ibn 'Umar relates that "when the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam went out to pray
salatul 'id, he asked for a spear and placed it in front of himself and he offered
salah toward it and the people prayed behind him. And he would do that while he
was traveling so that those in authority [for the affairs of the Muslims] would
also do this." This is related by al-Bukhari, Muslim, and Abu Dawud.
The Hanafi and Maliki scholars are of the opinion that one should place a sutrah
in front of him only if he fears that someone may pass in front of him; if he does
not fear that someone will pass in front of him, it is not desirable for him to
place a sutrah in front of himself. This opinion is based on the hadith of Ibn 'Abbas
who said that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam prayed in an open area and there
was nothing in front of him. This is related by Ahmad and Abu Dawud. Al-Baihaqi
related it and said: "It is supported by a report from al-Fazhl Ibn 'Abbas with
a reliable chain of transmitters."
Anything which the person sets up in front of him will qualify as a sutrah, even
if it is only the end of his bed. Sabrah ibn Mu'abid reports that the Messenger
of Allah said: "When one of you prays, he should make a partition for his salah,
even if it is an arrow." This is related by Ahmad and by al-Hakim who said it is
sahih according to the criteria of Muslim. Al-Haithami observes: "Ahmad's narrators
are sound."
Abu Hurairah relates that the Prophet said: "When one of you prays, he should place
something in front of him. If he cannot find anything, he should prop up his staff
[in front of him]. If he does not have a staff, he should draw a line [on the ground
in front of him] then nothing that passes in tront of him will harm him." This is
related by Ahmad and Abu Dawud and Ibn Hibban. The later classifies it sahih as
did Ahmad and Ibn al-Madini. Al-Baihaqi says: "There is no problem with that hadith
regarding that ruling, Allah willing."
It is related that the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam prayed toward a column
in his mosque, toward a tree, toward a bed upon which 'Aishah was lying, and toward
his riding animal, and toward his saddle, and so on.
Talhah says: "We used to pray and the animals would pass in front of us. We mentioned
that to the Prophet and he said: "If anything the size of a saddle is in front of
you, nothing that passes beyond it would harm you." This is related by Ahmad, Muslim,
Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and at-Tirmizhi who calls it hasan sahih.
The sutrah of the imam is the sutrah of everyone behind him.
'Amr ibn Shu'aib relates from his father on the authority of his grandfather who
said: "We were descending on a path near Makkah with the Messenger of Allah and
the time for prayer came. The Prophet prayed toward a wall and we were behind him.
A lamb tried to pass in front of him and he kept preventing the lamb from doing
so until its stomach was up against the wall. Finally, it passed behind him." This
is related by Ahmad and Abu Dawud.
Ibn 'Abbas says: "I was riding a donkey and was at the time on the threshold of
maturity, and the Prophet was leading the people in salah at Mina. I passed in front
of the row and let the animal graze, and then I joined the rows and no one objected
to this." This is related by the group.
These hadith prove that it is allowed to pass in front of people following the imam,
and that the sutrah is required for the imam and the people praying individually.
Al-Baghawi says: "The people of knowledge prefer that the sutrah be so close that
there is only enough space to make the sajdah, and the same applies to the distance
between the rows in the prayer. "
In the hadith mentioned in the beginning of this section it is stated: "And he should
be close to it."
Bilal reports that between the Prophet and the wall in front of him there was a
distance of three arm spans. This is related by Ahmad and anNasa'i, and al-Bukhari
has recorded something similar.
Sahl ibn Sa'd says: "Between the Messenger of Allah [and his sutrah] was enough
space for a sheep to pass." This is related by al-Bukhari and Muslim .
It is forbidden to pass in front of a person who is praying (i.e., between him and
his sutrah) .
There are many hadith which forbid passing between a person and his sutrah, and
describe such an act as a major sin.
Busr ibn Sa'id says that Zaid ibn Khalid sent him to Abu Juhaim to ask him what
he had heard from the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam concerning passing in front
of someone who is praying. He said that the Messenger of Allah said: "If one knew
[the sin] of passing in front of one who is praying, he would rather wait forty
[...] than to pass in front of him." This is related by the group.
Zaid ibn Khalid relates that the Messenger of Allah said: "If the one who passes
in front of one who is praying knew what was upon him [of sin], it would be better
for him to stand [and wait] for forty autumns than to pass in front of him." This
is related by al-Bazzar with a sahih chain.
Ibn al-Qayyim writes: "Ibn Hibban and others say that the prohibition mentioned
in this hadith applies when one is praying with a sutrah. If one is praying without
a sutrah, it is not forbidden to pass in front of him. As a proof, Abu Hatim [i.e.,
ibn Hibban] argues by the hadith, in his sahih, from al-Mutalib ibn Abi Wid'ah who
said: 'I saw the Prophet, when he finished the circumambulation [of the Ka'bah],
he went to the end of the circuit and he prayed two rak'at and there was nothing
between him and the people who were circumambulating." Abu Hatim says: "This report
proves that it is permissible to pass in front of a person who is praying but without
a sutrah. In this lies a clear proof that the warning concerning passing in front
of one who is praying refers only to one who is praying toward his sutrah and does
not refer to one who does not have a sutrah." Abu Hatim explains that the Prophet's
prayer was without anything between him and the people circumambulating the ka'bah.
At the end of the hadith of al-Mutalib, he records: "I saw the Prophet of Allah
offering salah facing the black stone and the men and women were passing in front
of him and there was no sutrah between him and them. In ar-Raudah anNadiyah, it
is stated that if one has no sutrah or is far away from the sutrah, then he is not
to keep anyone from passing in front of him and it is not forbidden to pass in front
of him although it is preferred not to do so .
It is permissible to keep some one from passing in front of a person who is praying.
If a praying person has a sutrah in front of him, then it is allowed for him to
prevent any human or animal from passing in front of him. If a person passes in
front of him from beyond the sutrah, then the person in salah is neither to prevent
the passer-by nor will he be harmed by him.
Abu Saleh as-Saman said: "I will narrate to you what I heard and saw from Abu Sa'id
al-Khudri. One day I was with Abu Sa'id and he was offering salah on Friday facing
something which concealed him from the people when a young man from the tribe of
Mu'ait came and tried to pass in front of Abu Sa'id. He pushed him back. He tried
again and Abu Sa'id struck him harder. The two scuffled. The man went to Marwan
to complain. Abu Sa'id also went to Marwan. Marwan asked: 'What has happened between
you and the son of your brother that caused him to complain?' Abu Sa'id said: 'I
heard the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam say: 'If any of you prays toward a sutrah
and someone tries to pass in front of you, then turn him away. If he refuses, use
force for he is a devil."' This is related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.
The salah is not invalidated by anything (passing in front of the praying person).
'Ali, 'Uthman, ibn al-Musayyab, ash-Sh'abiy, Malik, ash-Shaf'i, Sufyan al-Thauri
and the Hanafi scholars are of the opinion that the salah is not invalidated by
anything which passes in front of a person. This is based on the hadith recorded
by Abu Dawud from Abu al-Waddak who says: "A young person tried to pass in front
of Abu Sa'id while he was praying. Abu Sa'id held him off and then the young man
tried again. Abu Sa'id pushed him off. This happened three times and when [Abu Sa'id]
finished [the prayer], he said: 'The salah is not invalidated by anything but the
Messenger of Allah said: 'Repulse [the person who is trying to pass in front of
you] to the best of your ability for he is a devil.'"
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