The scholars are all in agreement about the legality of "fear prayer" (salatul Khauf).
The Qur'an says: "When You (O Prophet) are with them, and stand to lead them in
prayer, let one party of them stand up (in prayer) with you, taking their arms with
them. When they finish prostrations, let them take their position in the rear. And
let the other party come up which has not yet prayed - and let them pray with you,
taking all precautions, and bearing arms: the unbelievers wish if you were negligent
of your arms and your baggage, to assault you in a single rush. But there is no
blame on you if you put away your arms because of the inconvenience of rain or because
you are ill; but take (every) precaution for yourselves. For the unbelievers Allah
has prepared humiliating punishment."
On this subject Imam Ahmad says: "There are six or seven confirmed hadith about
'salatul khauf,' and whichever way one performs it, it will be valid."
Ibn al-Qayyim says: "Basically, there are six ways to pray salatal khauf, although
some say there are more than (six ways of praying it). Whenever they notice any
difference in the narration of an incident, they describe it as a difference [in
the manner of prayer] thus coming to seventeen ways. This might be due to different
acts of the Prophet or simply to differences in the narrations." Al-Hafiz says:
"This is the true position and its explanation is given below.
1. If the enemy is not in the direction of the qiblah, then the imam should lead
a group in the performance of one rak'ah after which he should wait until they complete
the second rak'ah by themselves, and then, they should go and face the enemy. And
the second group should come and the imam would lead them in salah while he is performing
his second rak'ah. He should again wait for them to complete another rak'ah by themselves
before leading them in the salutations.
Saleh ibn Khawat relates from Saleh ibn Abu Khaithimah that a group lined up with
the Prophet sallallahu alehi wasallam while another group faced the enemy. He prayed
one rak'ah with the group that was with him and remained standing while they finished
the salah and left and faced the enemy. The second group came and prayed the remaining
rak'ah with him, then he stayed sitting until they had completed their prayers individually,
after which he led them in making the taslim. This is related by the group, except
for Ibn Majah.
2. If the enemy is not in the direction of the qiblah, then, the imam prays one
rak'ah with one group of the army while the other group faces the enemy, after which
the two groups exchange places, and the imam prays one rak'ah with the second group.
The members of each group will complete one rak'ah of their prayers on their own.
Ibn 'Umar says: "The Messenger of Allah prayed one rak'ah with one group while the
other group faced the enemy, [At that point, those who had prayed] took the place
of their companions facing the enemy and the second group came and prayed one rak'ah
with the Prophet and then he made the taslim. Then each group made (the remaining)
one rak'ah." This is related by al-Bukhari, Muslim, and Ahmad. It is apparent that
the second group completed their salah after the imam made the taslim without discontinuing
their salah (i.e., for them, it was two continuous rak'at), and the first group
did not complete their salah until the second group had completed their salah and
went back to face the enemy. Ibn Mas'ud says: "Then, he made the taslim and they
stood up to finish the second rak'ah individually and, then they made their taslim."
3. The imam prays two rak'at with each group, the first two rak'at being his fard
salah and the latter two being nafl. It is allowed for one who is making a nafl
to lead others in salah who are praying fard. Jabir reports that the Prophet prayed
two rak'at with one group of his companions and then another two rak'at with another
group and then he made the taslim. This is related by ash-Shaf'i and an-Nasa'i.
Abu Dawud, Ahmad, and an-Nasa'i record that he said: "The Prophet prayed the salatul
Khauf with us, and he prayed two rak'at with some of his companions, and then the
others came and took their places and he prayed two rak'at with them, and he made
the taslim. So, the Prophet prayed four rak'at and the people prayed two rak'at
each."
Ahmad, al-Bukhari, and Muslim record that he said: "We were with the Prophet during
the campaign of Zhat al-Riqa and the salah was made, and he prayed two rak'at with
one group and then they withdrew, and he led the other group in two rak'at. The
Prophet prayed four rak'at and the people prayed two rak'at."
4. If the enemy is in the direction of the qiblah, then the imam leads both of
the groups in salah at the same time and they share in guarding against the enemy,
and they follow the imam in every one of his actions until he performs sajdah, in
which case one group will make the sajdah with him and the other will wait until
they are finished and then perform their own sujjud. After the first rak'ah is finished,
the people in front will move to the back and those in the back will move to the
front.
Jabir said: "I prayed salatul khauf (fear prayer) with the Prophet. He arranged
us in two rows behind him. The enemy was between us and the qiblah. The Prophet
sallallahu alehi wasallam made the takbir and we all made the takbir. He performed
the ruku' and we all made the ruku'. Then, he raised his head from the ruku' and
we all raised our heads from the ruku'. Next he went down for sajdah as well as
the row closest to him, while the back row stood facing the enemy until the Prophet
and the first row had completed their prostrations, after which the back row made
sajdah and then stood [after completing their sajjud]. Following this, those in
the back row moved to the front while those in the front row moved to the back.
The Prophet performed the ruku' and we all made ruku'. Then, he raised his head
and we raised our heads from ruku. Afterward, he made the sajdah and the row that
was previously in the back during the first rak'ah prostrated with him while the
[new] back row stood facing the enemy. When the Prophet and the [new] front row
had completed their sujjud, the [new] back row made the sujjud. Finally, the Prophet
made the taslim and we all made the taslim. This is related by Ahmad, Muslim, an-Nasa'i,
Ibn Majah, and al-Baihaqi.
5. Both of the groups begin the prayer with the imam, and then one group would
guard against the enemy while the other group would pray one rak'ah with the imam,
after which they would face the enemy while the other group would come and pray
one rak'ah by themselves (individually) while the imam is standing. Then, they would
join him in what is the imam's and their second rak'ah. At that point, the group
which had gone to face the enemy would come and pray one rak'ah (their second) individually
while the others would be sitting (in salah waiting for them to sit in their second
rak'ah), after which the imam would make the taslim and both groups would make the
taslim together [behind the imam].
Abu Huraira reports: "I prayed salatul khauf with the Messenger of Allah during
the year of the Battle of Najd. He stood to pray 'asr and one group stood with him
while the other group was faced the enemy with their backs toward the qiblah. When
he made the takbir, all the people made the takbir- that is, those with him and
those facing the enemy. Then, he performed one rak'ah and the group with him also
performed their ruku' and sujjud with him while the others were still facing the
enemy. Next, the group which was with the Prophet went to face the enemy while the
other group came and prayed one rak'ah and the Prophet kept standing [in prayer]
as he was. Then, he performed the ruku' and the new group performed the ruku' with
him and he performed the sajdah and they performed the sajdah with him. After this,
the group which had gone to face the enemy came and prayed one rak'ah while the
Prophet and those with him were sitting [in prayer]. Finally, the Prophet made taslim
and both groups made the taslim with him. The Prophet prayed two rak'at and both
groups prayed two rak'at." This is related by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, and an-Nasa' i .
6. Each group prays only one rak'ah with the imam and the imam prays a total of
two rak'at whereas each group prays one. Ibn 'Abbas reports that the Prophet prayed
at Zhi-qard, and he arranged the people into two rows, one row behind him and one
row guarding against the enemy. The group behind him prayed one rak'ah (with him)
and then left the place to the other group. The other group then came and prayed
one rak'ah (with the Prophet), and [neither group] made up a rak'ah. This is related
by anNasa'i and Ibn Hibban. Ibn 'Abbas also says: "Allah made the prayer obligatory
on your Prophet [in the following manner]: four rak'at while resident, two while
traveling, and only one during times of fear." This is related by Ahmad, Muslim,
Abu Dawud, and an-Nasa'i.
The sunset prayer is not to be shortened and there is no hadith which states how
it is to be prayed during times of fear. Therefore, the scholars differ over how
it is to be performed. The Hanafi and Maliki schools say that the imam is to pray
two rak'at with the first group and then one rak'ah with the second group. Ash-Shaf'i
and Ahmad say it is permissible for the imam to pray one rak'ah with the first group
and then two rak'at with the second group as it has been related that 'Ali performed
it in that manner.
If the fear [of the enemy] is great or fighting is taking place, each person is
to pray individually to the best of his ability - that is, standing or riding, facing
the qiblah or not facing the qiblah, making gestures for the ruku' and sajjud- whatever
he can do. He should make the gesture for his sajjud lower than that for his ruku'.
He is excused from any of the acts of salah which he is unable to perform.
Ibn 'Umar relates: "The Prophet described salatul khauf and said: 'If the danger
is greater than that, then [pray] standing or riding."'
In Sahih al-Bukhari, the wording is: "If the danger is greater than that, then pray
while standing on your feet or riding, facing the qiblah or not facing the qiblah."
In Muslim's version, Ibn 'Umar is reported to have said: "If the danger is greater
than that, then pray standing or riding and by making gestures."
If one is attacking the enemy and fears that he will miss the time of salah, he
may pray by making gestures even if he is moving in a direction other than that
of the qiblah. The case of the one who is being attacked is the same as the one
who is attacking. The same is the case for anyone whose enemy prevents him from
making the ruku' or the sajdah or a person who fears for himself or his family or
his wealth from an enemy or a thief or a wild animal; in all such cases, the person
may [if necessary] pray by making gestures and facing any direction. Al-'Iraqi writes:
"The same applies to anyone who is fleeing from a flood or fire and has no other
option open to him. The same is true for one who is in straitened conditions and
is in debt and cannot pay it and he fears that his debtor might catch him and imprison
him while not believing his claim. This applies also to one who fears a punishment
of qisas and hopes that by his absence the prosecuting party's anger will abate
and they will forgive him."
'Abdullah ibn Unais reports: "The Messenger of Allah sent me to Khalid ibn Sufyan
al-Hazhili, who was close to 'Arafat, and said: 'Go and kill him.' I saw him and
the time of the afternoon prayer came and I said [to myself]: 'I fear that something
between him and me will cause me to delay the salah, so I left walking and offered
the salah by making gestures. When I came close to him, he said to me: 'Who are
you?' I said: 'A man from among the Arabs. It has reached me that you are gathering
the people against this man [i.e, the Prophet] so I came to you for that reason.'
He said: 'I am doing that.' I walked with him for a while until I could strike him
dead with my sword." This is related by Ahmad and Abu Dawud. AlHafiz says its chain
is hasan.
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