All scholars agree that such a fast is prohibited. It does not matter if the fast
is obligatory or voluntary. 'Umar testifies: "The Messenger of Allah has forbidden
fasting on these two days. Concerning the 'id of breaking the fast, it is for you
to break your fast [of Ramadan]. On the 'id of sacrifice, you should eat from what
you sacrifice." This is related by Ahmad, an-Nasa'i, atTirmizhi, Abu Dawud, and
Ibn Majah.
It is not permissible to fast during the three days following the 'Id al-Azha. Abu
Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, sent 'Abdullah
ibn Huzhaqah to announce at Mina: "You are not to fast these days. They are days
of eating and drinking and remembering Allah." This is related by Ahmad with a good
chain.
Ibn 'Abbas reported that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, sent a person
to announce: "Do not fast on these days, as they are days of eating, drinking and
rejoicing with one's family." At-Tabarani related it in al-'Awsat.
The Shaf'iyyah allow fasting on the days of tashreeq if there is some reason for
the fasting - that is, if it is due to an oath, for expiation, or for making up
a missed day of Ramadan. Those fasts that have no special reason behind them are
not allowed, and there is no disagreement on this point. The Shaf'iyyah applied
the same reasoning that they used in saying that prayers that are performed for
a specific reason are allowed to be performed during the prohibited times of prayer
[for example, the prayer of salutation to the mosque, and so on].
The day of Friday is a kind of weekly 'id for Muslims and, therefore, it is prohibited
to fast on that day. Most scholars say that this prohibition is one of dislike,9
not one of complete forbiddance.
If one fasts on the day before or after it, or if it is a day that one customarily
fasts on (for example, the 13th, 14th, or 15th of the month), or if it is the day
of 'Arafah or 'Ashurah, then it is not disliked to fast on such a Friday.
'Abdullah ibn 'Amr reported that the Messenger of Allah entered the room of Juwairiyah
bint al-Harith while she was fasting on a Friday. He asked her: "Did you fast yesterday?"
She answered, "No." He said: "Do you plan to fast tomorrow?" She answered, "No."
Therefore he said: "Then break your fast." This is related by Ahmad and an-Nasa'i
with a good chain.
'Amr al-'Ashari reported that he heard the Messenger of Allah say: "Verily, Friday
is an 'id for you, so do not fast on it unless you fast the day before or after
it." This is related by al-Bazzar with a good chain.
'Ali counseled: "He who wants to [fast] voluntarily should fast on Thursday instead
of Friday, for Friday is a day of eating, drinking, and remembrance." This is related
by Ibn Abu Shaibah with a good chain.
In the two Sahih (those of al-Bukhari and Muslim), Jabir reported that the Prophet
said: "Do not fast on Friday unless you fast on it together with the day before
or the day after." Muslim's version states: "Do not exclusively choose the night
of Friday [Thursday night in English] as a special night for performing the night
prayers. Also, do not exclusively choose Friday as a day of fasting unless it occurs
on a day that you regularly fast."
Busr as-Salmi related from his sister as-Sama' that the Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, said: "Do not fast on Saturdays unless it is an obligatory fast.
[You should not fast] even if you do not find anything [to eat] save some grape
peelings or a branch of a tree to chew on."
This is related by Ahmad, an-Nasa'i, at-Tirmizhi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah, and al-Hakim.
Al-Hakim said that it is sahih according to the conditions of Muslim, while at-Tirmizhi
called it hassan. AtTirmizhi said that what is disliked here is for a person to
exclusively choose Saturday as a day of fasting, as it is the day that the Jews
honor.
In contradiction with the preceding report, Umm Salamah claims: "The Prophet used
to fast more often on Saturdays and Sundays than on the other days. He would say:
'They are the 'ids of the polytheists, and I love to differ from them.' " This is
related by Ahmad, al-Baihaqi, al-Hakim, and Ibn Khuzaimah who called it sahih.
The Hanafiyyah, Shaf'iyyah, and Hanbaliyyah say it is disliked to fast on Saturday
by itself due to the preceding evidence. Malik differs from them, but the hadith
is proof against him.
'Ammar ibn Yasir said: "Whoever fasts the 'day of doubt has disobeyed Abu alQasim
[the Prophet]." This is related by an-Nasa'i, at-Tirmizhi, Abu Dawud, and Ibn Majah.
Of its status, at-Tirmizhi says: "It is a hassan sahih hadith. Most of the knowledgeable
people act in accordance with it. It is the opinion of Sufyan ath-Thauri, Malik
ibn Anas, 'Abdullah ibn alMubarak, ash-Shaf'i, Ahmad, and Ishaq. They all hate that
one fasts on a 'day of doubt.' Most of them believe that if one fasts on such a
day and it turns out to be Ramadan, then that day still has to be made up later.
If such a day occurs during one's regular fasting period, then it is permissible
to fast on such a day."
As related by "the group," Abu Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah said:
"Do not precede Ramadan by fasting the day or two before it unless it is a day on
which the person usually fasts."
About this hadith, at-Tirmizhi says: "The hadith is hassan sahih and the scholars
act in accordance with it. They dislike that a person should hasten Ramadan by fasting
on the day before it. If a person usually fasts on a day and 'the day of doubt'
occurs on that day, then there is no problem with his fasting on that day, in their
opinion."
It is forbidden to do so because there are certain days of the year on which one
is not allowed to fast. The Messenger of Allah said: "There is no [reward for] fasting
for the one who perpetually fasts." This is related by Ahrnad, al-Bukhari, and Muslim.
If one breaks his fast during the days of 'id and the days of tashreeq, then his
perpetual fasting would no longer be considered disliked. In his comments on this
issue, at-Tirmizhi says: "A group of scholars dislike fasting every day if it includes
the 'ids ['id al-Fitr, 'id al-Azha] and the days of tashreeq. If one breaks his
fast on those days, his action is no longer disliked, as he is no longer fasting
the whole year." The scholars are Malik, ash-Shaf'i, Ahrnad, and Ishaq.
The Prophet approved of Hamzah al-Aslami's nurnerous fasts when he told him: "Fast
if you wish and break your fast if you wish." This hadith was mentioned earlier.
The Messenger of Allah forbade a woman to fast if her husband was present until
he gave her his perrnission to do so. Abu Hurairah reported that the Prophet said:
"A woman is not to fast [even] for one day while her husband is present except with
his permission, unless it is during Ramadan." This is related by Ahmad, al-Bukhari,
and Muslim. The scholars have interpreted this prohibition as one of forbiddance,
and they allow the husband to end his wife's fasting if she fasted without his perrnission
and he seeks his right [to sex] from her. This is also true, obviously, for days
other than those of Ramadan in which case she does not need her husband's permission.
Similarly, if she fasted without his permission because he was not present, he has
the right to end her fast when he retums.
If the husband is sick or incapable of intercourse, it is permissible for the woman
to fast without his perrnission--that is, it is similar to the case of where the
husband is not present.
Abu Hurairah reported that the Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, said: "Do
not perforrn al-wisal." He said that three times and the people said to him: "But
you perform al-wisal, O Messenger of Allah!" He said: "You are not like me in that
matter. I spend the night in such a state that Allah feeds me and gives me to drink..
Devote yourselves to the deeds which you can perform." This is related by al-Bukhari
and Muslim.
The scholars say this prohibition implies that the act is disliked. Ahmad and Ishaq
say that it is allowed to fast until the time of the pre-dawn meal as long as it
is not a hardship on the one fasting. This opinion is based on what al-Bukhari recorded
on the authority of Abu Sa'id al-Khudri: "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Do not make
al-wisal. If one of you insists on making al-wisal, he may continue his fast [after
sunset] until the time of the pre-dawn
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