Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "This was revealed about Muhammad and
his Companions, when they were expelled from Makkah.'' Mujahid, Ad-Dahhak and
others among the Salaf, such as Ibn `Abbas, `Urwah bin Az-Zubayr, Zayd bin
Aslam, Muqatil bin Hayan, Qatadah and others said, "This is the first Ayah which
was revealed about Jihad.'' Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "When the
Prophet was driven out of Makkah, Abu Bakr said, `They have their Prophet.
Truly, to Allah we belong and truly, to Him we shall return; surely they are
doomed.''' Ibn `Abbas said, "Then Allah revealed the words:
[أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ
يُقَـتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُواْ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ
]
(Permission (to fight) is given to those (believers) fought against, because
they have been wronged; and surely, Allah is able to give them victory.)'' Abu
Bakr, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "Then I knew that there would be
fighting.'' Imam Ahmad added: "Ibn `Abbas said, `This was the first Ayah to be
revealed concerning fighting.''' This was also recorded by At-Tirmidhi and
An-Nasa'i in the Book of Tafsir of their Sunans. At-Tirmidhi said: "It is a
Hasan Hadith.''
[وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ
عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ]
(and surely, Allah is able to give them victory.) means, He is able to grant
victory to His believing servants without any fighting taking place, but He
wants His servants to strive their utmost in obeying Him, as He says:
[فَإِذَا لَقِيتُمُ
الَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَضَرْبَ الرِّقَابِ حَتَّى إِذَآ أَثْخَنتُمُوهُمْ فَشُدُّواْ
الْوَثَاقَ فَإِمَّا مَنًّا بَعْدُ وَإِمَّا فِدَآءً حَتَّى تَضَعَ الْحَرْبُ
أَوْزَارَهَا ذَلِكَ وَلَوْ يَشَآءُ اللَّهُ لاَنْتَصَرَ مِنْهُمْ وَلَـكِن
لِّيَبْلُوَ بَعْضَكُمْ بِبَعْضٍ وَالَّذِينَ قُتِلُواْ فِى سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ فَلَن
يُضِلَّ أَعْمَـلَهُمْ - سَيَهْدِيهِمْ وَيُصْلِحُ بَالَهُمْ - وَيُدْخِلُهُمُ
الْجَنَّةَ عَرَّفَهَا لَهُمْ ]
(So, when you meet those who disbelieve, strike necks till when you have
killed and wounded many of them, then bind a bond firmly. Thereafter either for
generosity, or ransom, until war lays down its burden. Thus, but if it had been
Allah's will, He Himself could certainly have punished them. But (He lets you
fight) in order to test some of you with others. But those who are killed in the
way of Allah, He will never let their deeds be lost. He will guide them and set
right their state. And admit them to Paradise which He has made known to them.)
[47:4-6]
[قَـتِلُوهُمْ
يُعَذِّبْهُمُ اللَّهُ بِأَيْدِيكُمْ وَيُخْزِهِمْ وَيَنْصُرْكُمْ عَلَيْهِمْ
وَيَشْفِ صُدُورَ قَوْمٍ مُّؤْمِنِينَ - وَيُذْهِبْ غَيْظَ قُلُوبِهِمْ وَيَتُوبُ
اللَّهُ عَلَى مَن يَشَآءُ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ ]
(Fight against them so that Allah will punish them by your hands, and
disgrace them, and give you victory over them, and heal the breasts of a
believing people, and remove the anger of their (believers') hearts. Allah
accepts the repentance of whom He wills. Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.)
[9:14-15]
[وَلَنَبْلُوَنَّكُمْ
حَتَّى نَعْلَمَ الْمُجَـهِدِينَ مِنكُمْ وَالصَّـبِرِينَ وَنَبْلُوَ أَخْبَـرَكُمْ
]
(And surely, We shall try you till We test those who strive hard and the
patient, and We shall test your facts.) [47:31]. And there are many similar
Ayat. Ibn `Abbas commented on the Ayah,
[وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ
عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ]
(and surely, Allah is able to give them (believers) victory.) "And this is
what He did.'' Allah prescribed Jihad at an appropriate time, because when they
were in Makkah, the idolators outnumbered them by more than ten to one. Were
they to engage in fighting at that time, the results would have been disastrous.
When the idolators went to extremes to persecute Muslims, to expel the Prophet
and resolving to kill him; when they sent his Companions into exile here and
there, so that some went to Ethiopia and others went to Al-Madinah; when they
settled in Al-Madinah and the Messenger of Allah joined them there, and they
gathered around him and lent him their support, and they had a place where Islam
prevailed, and a stronghold to which they could retreat; then Allah prescribed
Jihad against the enemy, and this was the first Ayah to be revealed for it.
Allah said:
[أُذِنَ لِلَّذِينَ
يُقَـتَلُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ ظُلِمُواْ وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ عَلَى نَصْرِهِمْ لَقَدِيرٌ
الَّذِينَ أُخْرِجُواْ مِن دِيَـرِهِم بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ]
(Permission (to fight) is given to those fought against, because they have
been wronged; and surely, Allah is able to give them victory. Those who have
been expelled from their homes unjustly) Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said;
"They were driven out of Makkah to Al-Madinah unjustly, i.e., Muhammad and his
Companions.''
[إِلاَّ أَن
يَقُولُواْ رَبُّنَا اللَّهُ]
(only because they said: "Our Lord is Allah.'') means, they had not done
anything to their people or committed any wrongs against them, apart from the
fact that they believed in the Oneness of Allah and they worshipped Him Alone,
with no partner or associate. But for the idolators, this was the worst of sins,
as Allah says:
[يُخْرِجُونَ
الرَّسُولَ وَإِيَّـكُمْ أَن تُؤْمِنُواْ بِاللَّهِ رَبِّكُمْ]
(and have driven out the Messenger and yourselves because you believe in
Allah, your Lord!) [60:1]. Then Allah says:
[وَلَوْلاَ دَفْعُ
اللَّهِ النَّاسَ بَعْضَهُم بِبَعْضٍ]
(For had it not been that Allah checks one set of people by means of
another,) meaning, were it not for the fact that He repels one people by means
of another, and restrains the evil of people towards others by means of whatever
circumstances He creates and decrees, the earth would have been corrupted and
the strong would have destroyed the weak.
[لَّهُدِّمَتْ
صَوَمِعُ]
(Sawami` surely have been pulled down) means the small temples used by monks.
This was the view of Ibn `Abbas, Mujahid, Abu Al-`Aliyah, `Ikrimah, Ad-Dahhak
and others. Qatadah said, "This refers to the places of worship of the
Sabians;'' according to another report, he said, "The Sawami` of the
Zoroastrians.'' Muqatil bin Hayyan said, "These are houses along the roads.''
[وَبِيَعٌ]
(Biya`.) These are larger than the Sawami` and accommodate more worshippers;
the Christians also have these. This was the view of Abu Al-`Aliyah, Qatadah,
Ad-Dahhak, Ibn Sakhr, Muqatil bin Hayyan, Khusayf and others. Ibn Jubayr
reported from Mujahid and others that this referred to the synagogues of the
Jews which are known to them as Salut. And Allah knows best.
[وَصَلَوَتِ]
(Salawat) Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "Salawat means churches.''
`Ikrimah, Ad-Dahhak and Qatadah said that it referred to the synagogues of the
Jews. Abu Al-`Aliyah and others said, "Salawat refers to the places of worship
of the Sabians.'' Ibn Abi Najih reported that Mujahid said, "Salawat refers to
places of worship of the People of the Book and of the people of Islam along the
roads.'' Masjids belong to the Muslims.
[يُذْكَرُ فِيهَا
اسمُ اللَّهِ كَثِيراً]
(wherein the Name of Allah is mentioned much,) It was said that the pronoun
refers to Masjids, because this is the closest of the words mentioned. Ad-Dahhak
said, "In all of them the Name of Allah is often mentioned.'' Ibn Jarir said,
"The correct view is that the monasteries of the monks, the churches of the
Christians, the synagogues of the Jews and the Masjids of the Muslims, in which
the Name of Allah is mentioned much, would have been destroyed -- because this
is the usual usage in Arabic.'' Some of the scholars said, "This is a sequence
listing the smallest to the greatest, because the Masjids are more frequented by
more worshippers who have the correct intention and way.''
[وَلَيَنصُرَنَّ
اللَّهُ مَن يَنصُرُهُ]
(Verily, Allah will help those who help His (cause).) This is like the Ayah:
[يأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ
ءَامَنُواْ إِن تَنصُرُواْ اللَّهَ يَنصُرْكُمْ وَيُثَبِّتْ أَقْدَامَكُمْ -
وَالَّذِينَ كَفَرُواْ فَتَعْساً لَّهُمْ وَأَضَلَّ أَعْمَـلَهُمْ ]
(O you who believe! If you help (in the cause of) Allah, He will help you,
and make your foothold firm. But those who disbelieve, for them is destruction,
and (Allah) will make their deeds vain.) [47:7-8]
[إِنَّ اللَّهَ
لَقَوِىٌّ عَزِيزٌ]
(Truly, Allah is All-Strong, All-Mighty.) Allah describes Himself as being
All-Strong and All-Mighty. By His strength He created everything and measured it
exactly according to its due measurements; by His might nothing can overpower
Him or overwhelm Him, rather everything is humbled before Him and is in need of
Him. Whoever is supported by the All-Strong, the All-Mighty, is indeed supported
and helped, and his enemy will be overpowered. Allah says:
[وَلَقَدْ سَبَقَتْ
كَلِمَتُنَا لِعِبَادِنَا الْمُرْسَلِينَ - إِنَّهُمْ لَهُمُ الْمَنصُورُونَ -
وَإِنَّ جُندَنَا لَهُمُ الْغَـلِبُونَ ]
(And, verily, Our Word has gone forth of old for Our servants, the
Messengers, that they verily, would be made triumphant, and that Our soldiers!
They verily, would be the victors.) [37:171-173]
[كَتَبَ اللَّهُ
لاّغْلِبَنَّ أَنَاْ وَرُسُلِى إِنَّ اللَّهَ قَوِىٌّ عَزِيزٌ ]
(Allah has decreed: "Verily, it is I and My Messengers who shall be the
victorious.'' Verily, Allah is All-Powerful, All-Mighty.) [58:21]
[الَّذِينَ إِنْ
مَّكَّنَّـهُمْ فِى الاٌّرْضِ أَقَامُواْ الصَّلَوةَ وَآتَوُاْ الزَّكَـوةَ
وَأَمَرُواْ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْاْ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَـقِبَةُ
الاٍّمُورِ ]
(41. Those who, if We give them power in the land, establish the Salah,
enforce the Zakah, and they enjoin the good and forbid the evil. And with Allah
rests the end of (all) matters.)
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