Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "Al-Amanah means obedience. This was
offered to them before it was offered to Adam, and they could not bear it. Then
Allah said to Adam: `I have offered the Amanah to the heavens and the earth and
the mountains, and they could not bear it. Will you take it on' He said, `O
Lord, what does it involve' He said, `If you do good, you will be rewarded, and
if you do evil, you will be punished.' So Adam took the Amanah and bore it, and
this is what is referred to in the Ayah:
[وَحَمَلَهَا
الإِنْسَـنُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ ظَلُوماً جَهُولاً]
(But man bore it. Verily, he was unjust and ignorant.)'' `Ali bin Abi Talhah
reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "Al-Amanah means Al-Fara'id (the obligatory
duties). Allah offered them to the heavens and the earth and the mountains, (on
the grounds that) if they fulfilled them, He would reward them; and if they
failed, He would punish them. But they did not want to do that, and they were
afraid of it, not because their intention was sinful, but because of their
respect for the religion of Allah, in case they could not fulfill the
obligations involved. Then Allah offered it to Adam, and he accepted it with all
that it entailed. This is what is referred to in the Ayah:
[وَحَمَلَهَا
الإِنْسَـنُ إِنَّهُ كَانَ ظَلُوماً جَهُولاً]
(But man bore it. Verily, he was unjust and ignorant. ) meaning, he
underestimated the command of Allah.'' This was also the view of Mujahid, Sa`id
bin Jubayr, Ad-Dahhak, Al-Hasan Al-Basri and others that Al-Amanah means
Al-Fara'id. Others said that it meant obedience. Al-A`mash narrated from Abu
Ad-Duha from Masruq that Ubayy bin Ka`b said: "Part of Al-Amanah means that
woman was entrusted with her own chastity.'' Qatadah said: "Al-Amanah means
religion, obligatory duties and prescribed punishments.'' Malik narrated that
Zayd bin Aslam said: "Al-Amanah means three things: prayer, fasting and
performing Ghusl to cleanse oneself from sexual impurity.'' There is no
contradiction between all of these views; they are all in agreement and all
refer to responsibility and the acceptance of commands and prohibitions with
their attendant conditions, which is that the one who fulfills this
responsibility, will be rewarded; while the one who neglects it, will be
punished. Man accepted this despite the fact that he is weak, ignorant and
unjust -- except for those whom Allah helps, and Allah is the One Whose help we
seek. One of the reports which deal with Al-Amanah is the Hadith recorded by
Imam Ahmad from Hudhayfah, may Allah be pleased with him, who said: "The
Messenger of Allah told us two Hadiths, one of which I have seen and the other I
am still waiting to see. He told us that Al-Amanah is deeply rooted in the heart
of man, then the Qur'an was revealed and they know it from the Qur'an and from
the Sunnah. Then he told us that Al-Amanah will be taken away. He said,
«يَنَامُ الرَّجُلُ
النَّوْمَةَ فَتُقْبَضُ الْأَمَانَةُ مِنْ قَلْبِهِ، فَيَظَلُّ أَثَرُهَا مِثْلَ
أَثَرِ الْمَجْلِ كَجَمْرٍ دَحْرَجْتَهُ عَلَى رِجْلِكِ، تَرَاهُ مُنْتَبِرًا
وَلَيْسَ فِيهِ شَيْء»
. (A man may sleep and Al-Amanah will be taken from his heart, leaving
nothing but a trace like a blister left by a coal if you were to roll it over
your leg -- you will see it protruding but there is nothing inside.) Then he
took a pebble and rolled it over his leg, then he said:
«فَيُصْبِحُ النَّاسُ
يَتَبَايَعُونَ لَا يَكَادُ أَحَدٌ يُؤَدِّي الْأَمَانَةَ حَتَّى يُقَالَ: إِنَّ
فِي بَنِي فُلَانٍ رَجُلًا أَمِينًا، حَتَّى يُقَالَ لِلرَّجُلِ مَا أَجْلَدَهُ
وَأَظْرَفَهُ وَأَعْقَلَهُ وَمَا فِي قَلْبِهِ حَبَّةُ خَرْدَلٍ مِنْ
إِيمَان»
(Then the people will start buying and selling, and hardly anyone will be
paying attention to Al-Amanah, until it will be said that among the tribe of
so-and-so there is a trustworthy man, and it will said of a man, `how strong he
is, how nice and how wise,' and there is not even a mustard seed of faith in his
heart.) No doubt, there came upon me a time when I did not mind dealing
(bargaining) with anyone of you, for if he was a Muslim, his Islam would compel
him to pay me what is due to me, and if he was a Christian, or Jew, the Muslim
official would compel him to pay me what is due to me, but today, I do not deal
except with such and such person among you.'' It was also recorded in the Two
Sahihs from the Hadith of Al-A`mash. Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin
`Amr, may Allah be pleased with him, said that the Messenger of Allah said:
«أَرْبَعٌ إِذَا
كُنَّ فِيكَ فَلَا عَلَيْكَ مَا فَاتَكَ مِنَ الدُّنْيَا: حِفْظُ أَمَانَةٍ،
وَصِدْقُ حَدِيثٍ، وَحُسْنُ خَلِيقَةٍ، وَعِفَّةُ طُعْمَة»
(There are four things, if you attain them, then whatever you miss in this
world will not matter: preserving trust, speaking the truth, being of good
character and moderation in eating.)
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