Imam Ahmad recorded that Umm Salamah said, "O Messenger of Allah! Men go to battle,
but we do not go to battle, and we earn one-half of the inheritance (that men get).''
Allah sent down,
﴿وَلاَ تَتَمَنَّوْاْ مَا فَضَّلَ
اللَّهُ بِهِ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ﴾
(And wish not for the things in which Allah has made some of you to excel others).
At-Tirmidhi also recorded this Hadith. Allah's statement,
﴿لِّلرِّجَالِ نَصِيبٌ مِّمَّا اكْتَسَبُواْ
وَلِلنِّسَآءِ نَصِيبٌ مِّمَّا اكْتَسَبْنَ﴾
(For men there is reward for what they have earned, (and likewise) for women there
is reward for what they have earned,) indicates, according to Ibn Jarir, that each
person will earn his wages for his works, a reward if his deeds are good, and punishment
if his deeds are evil. It was also reported that this Ayah is talking about inheritance,
indicating the fact that each person will get his due share of the inheritance,
as Al-Walibi reported from Ibn `Abbas. Allah then directed the servants to what
benefits them,
﴿وَاسْأَلُواْ اللَّهَ مِن فَضْلِهِ﴾
(and ask Allah of His Bounty.)Therefore, the Ayah states, "Do not wish for what
other people were endowed with over you, for this is a decision that will come to
pass, and wishing does not change its decree. However, ask Me of My favor and I
will grant it to you, for I Am Most Generous and Most Giving.'' Allah then said,
﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ
عَلِيماً﴾
(Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knower of everything.) meaning, Allah knows who deserves
this life, and so He gives him riches, and whoever deserves poverty, He makes him
poor. He also knows who deserves the Hereafter, and He directs him to perform the
deeds that will help him to be sucessful in it, and whoever deserves failure, He
prevents him from achieving righteousness and what leads to it. Hence, Allah said,
m
﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ
عَلِيماً﴾
(Surely, Allah is Ever All-Knower of everything).
﴿وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا
مَوَالِىَ مِمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَلِدَنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبُونَ وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتْ أَيْمَـنُكُمْ
فَـَاتُوهُمْ نَصِيبَهُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلَى كُلِّ شَىْءٍ شَهِيداً ﴾
(33. And to everyone, We have appointed Mawali of that left by parents and relatives.
To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due
portion (by wills). Truly, Allah is Ever a Witness over all things.) Ibn `Abbas,
Mujahid, Sa`id bin Jubayr, Abu Salih, Qatadah, Zayd bin Aslam, As-Suddi, Ad-Dahhak,
Muqatil bin Hayyan, and others said that Allah's statement,
﴿وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مَوَالِىَ﴾
(And to everyone, We have appointed Mawali) means, "Heirs.'' Ibn `Abbas was also
reported to have said that Mawali refers to relatives. Ibn Jarir commented, "The
Arabs call the cousin a Mawla.'' Ibn Jarir continued, "Allah's statement,
﴿مِّمَّا تَرَكَ الْوَلِدَنِ وَالاٌّقْرَبُونَ﴾
(of that (property) left by parents and relatives.) means, from what he inherited
from his parents and family members. Therefore, the meaning of the Ayah becomes:
`To all of you, O people, We appointed relatives (such as children) who will later
inherit what you inherited from your own parents and relatives.'' Allah's statement,
﴿وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتْ أَيْمَـنُكُمْ
فَـَاتُوهُمْ نَصِيبَهُمْ﴾
(To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due
portion.) means, "Those with whom you have a pledge of brotherhood, give them their
share of inheritance, thus fulfilling the ratified pledges that you gave them. Allah
has witnessed all of you when you gave these pledges and promises.'' This practice
was followed in the beginning of Islam, but was later on abrogated when Muslims
were commanded to fulfill the pledges (brotherhood) they had already given, but
to refrain from making any new pledges after that. Al-Bukhari recorded that Ibn
`Abbas said,
﴿وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مَوَالِىَ﴾
(And to everyone, We have appointed Mawali) "meaning, heirs;
﴿وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتْ أَيْمَـنُكُمْ﴾
(To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood)) When the emigrants
came to Al-Madinah, the emigrant would inherit from the Ansari, while the latter's
relatives would not inherit from him because of the bond of brotherhood which the
Prophet established between them (the emigrants and the Ansar). When the verse,
﴿وَلِكُلٍّ جَعَلْنَا مَوَالِىَ﴾
(And to everyone We have appointed Mawali) was revealed, it cancelled (the pledge
of brotherhood regarding inheritance).'' Then he said, "The verse,
﴿وَالَّذِينَ عَقَدَتْ أَيْمَـنُكُمْ
فَـَاتُوهُمْ نَصِيبَهُمْ﴾
(To those also with whom you have made a pledge (brotherhood), give them their due
portion.) remained valid for cases of co-operation and mutual advice, while the
matter of inheritance was excluded and it became permissible to assign something
in one's will to the person who had the right of inheriting before.''
﴿الرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ
عَلَى النِّسَآءِ بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُواْ
مِنْ أَمْوَلِهِمْ فَالصَّـلِحَـتُ قَـنِتَـتٌ حَـفِظَـتٌ لِّلْغَيْبِ بِمَا حَفِظَ
اللَّهُ وَاللَّـتِى تَخَافُونَ نُشُوزَهُنَّ فَعِظُوهُنَّ وَاهْجُرُوهُنَّ فِى الْمَضَاجِعِ
وَاضْرِبُوهُنَّ فَإِنْ أَطَعْنَكُمْ فَلاَ تَبْغُواْ عَلَيْهِنَّ سَبِيلاً إِنَّ اللَّهَ
كَانَ عَلِيّاً كَبِيراً ﴾
(34. Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has made one
of them to excel the other, and because they spend (to support them) from their
means. Therefore the righteous women are Qanitat, and guard in the husband's absence
what Allah orders them to guard. As to those women on whose part you see ill conduct,
admonish them, and abandon them in their beds, and beat them, but if they return
to obedience, do not seek a means against them. Surely, Allah is Ever Most High,
Most Great.) Allah said,
﴿الرِّجَالُ قَوَّامُونَ عَلَى النِّسَآءِ﴾
(Men are the protectors and maintainers of women,) meaning, the man is responsible
for the woman, and he is her maintainer, caretaker and leader who disciplines her
if she deviates.
﴿بِمَا فَضَّلَ اللَّهُ بَعْضَهُمْ
عَلَى بَعْضٍ﴾
(because Allah has made one of them to excel the other,) meaning, because men excel
over women and are better than them for certain tasks. This is why prophethood was
exclusive of men, as well as other important positions of leadership. The Prophet
said,
«لَنْ يُفْلِحَ قَوْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ
امْرَأَة»
(People who appoint a woman to be their leader, will never achieve success.) Al-Bukhari
recorded this Hadith. Such is the case with appointing women as judges or on other
positions of leadership.
﴿وَبِمَآ أَنفَقُواْ مِنْ أَمْوَلِهِمْ﴾
(and because they spend from their means.) meaning the dowry, expenditures and various
expenses that Allah ordained in His Book and the Sunnah of His Messenger for men
to spend on women. For these reasons it is suitable that he is appointed her maintainer,
just as Allah said,
﴿وَلِلرِّجَالِ عَلَيْهِنَّ دَرَجَةٌ﴾
(But men have a degree (of responsibility) over them).
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