Allah said,
﴿وَلَـكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا عَقَّدتُّمُ
الاٌّيْمَـنَ﴾
(but He will punish you for your deliberate oaths.) in reference to the oaths that
you intend in your hearts,
﴿فَكَفَّارَتُهُ إِطْعَامُ عَشَرَةِ
مَسَـكِينَ﴾
(for its expiation (a deliberate oath) feed ten poor,), who are needy, not able
to find necessities of the life. Allah's statement,
﴿مِنْ أَوْسَطِ مَا تُطْعِمُونَ أَهْلِيكُمْ﴾
(on a scale of the Awsat of that with which you feed your own families;) means,
"On the average scale of what you feed your families,'' according to Ibn `Abbas,
Sa`id bin Jubayr and `Ikrimah. `Ata' Al-Khurasani commented on the Ayah, "From the
best of what you feed your families''. Allah's statement,
﴿أَوْ كِسْوَتُهُمْ﴾
(or clothe them,) refers to clothing each of the ten persons with what is suitable
to pray in, whether the poor person was male or female. Allah knows best. Al-`Awfi
said that Ibn `Abbas said that the Ayah means a robe or garment for each poor person
(of the ten). Mujahid also said that the least of clothing, referred to in the Ayah,
is a garment, and the most is whatever you wish. Al-Hasan, Abu Ja`far Al-Baqir,
`Ata', Tawus, Ibrahim An-Nakha`i, Hammad bin Abi Sulayman and Abu Malik said that
it means (giving each of the ten poor persons) a garment each. Allah's statement,
﴿أَوْ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ﴾
(or free a slave) refers to freeing a believing slave. In the Muwatta' of Malik,
the Musnad of Ash-Shafi`i and the Sahih of Muslim, a lengthy Hadith was recorded
that `Umar bin Al-Hakam As-Sulami said that he once had to free a slave (as atonement)
and he brought a black slave girl before the Messenger of Allah , who asked her;
«أَيْنَ اللهُ؟»
(Where is Allah) She said, "Above the heavens.'' He said,
«مَنْ أَنَا؟»
(Who am I) She said, "The Messenger of Allah.'' He said,
«أَعْتِقْهَا فَإِنَّهَا مُؤْمِنَة»
(Free her, for she is a believer.) There are three types of expiation for breaking
deliberate oaths, and whichever one chooses, it will suffice, according to the consensus
(of the scholars). Allah mentioned the easiest, then the more difficult options,
since feeding is easier than giving away clothes, and giving away clothes is easier
than freeing a slave. If one is unable to fulfill any of these options, then he
fasts for three days for expiation, just as Allah said,
﴿فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَـثَةِ
أَيَّامٍ﴾
(But whosoever cannot afford (that), then he should fast for three days.) Ubayy
bin Ka`b and Ibn Mas`ud and his students read this Ayah as follows, "Then he should
fast three consecutive days.'' Even if this statement was not narrated to us as
a part of the Qur'an through Mutawatir narration, it would still be an explanation
of the Qur'an by the Companions that has the ruling of being related from the Prophet
. Allah's statement,
﴿ذلِكَ كَفَّارَةُ أَيْمَـنِكُمْ إِذَا
حَلَفْتُمْ﴾
(That is the expiation for the oaths when you have sworn.)﴿5:89﴾ means, this is
the legal way to atone for deliberate oaths,
﴿وَاحْفَظُواْ أَيْمَـنَكُمْ﴾
(And protect your oaths.) Do not leave your broken oaths without paying the expiation
for them, according to the meaning given by Ibn Jarir.
﴿كَذَلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ اللَّهُ لَكُمْ
آيَـتِهِ﴾
(Thus Allah makes clear to you His Ayat) and explains them to you,
﴿لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ﴾
(that you may be grateful.)
﴿يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ
آمَنُواْ إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَالْمَيْسِرُ وَالاٌّنصَابُ وَالاٌّزْلاَمُ رِجْسٌ مِّنْ
عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَـنِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ - إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَـنُ
أَن يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَآءَ فِى الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ
عَن ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَوةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُّنتَهُونَ - وَأَطِيعُواْ
اللَّهَ وَأَطِيعُواْ الرَّسُولَ وَاحْذَرُواْ فَإِن تَوَلَّيْتُمْ فَاعْلَمُواْ أَنَّمَا
عَلَى رَسُولِنَا الْبَلَـغُ الْمُبِينُ - لَيْسَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ
الصَّـلِحَـتِ جُنَاحٌ فِيمَا طَعِمُواْ إِذَا مَا اتَّقَواْ وَءامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ
الصَّـلِحَـتِ ثُمَّ اتَّقَواْ وَءَامَنُواْ ثُمَّ اتَّقَواْ وَّأَحْسَنُواْ وَاللَّهُ
يُحِبُّ الْمُحْسِنِينَ ﴾
(90. O you who believe! Khamr, Maysir, Ansab, and Azlam are a Rijs of Shaytan's
handiwork. So avoid that in order that you may be successful.) (91. Shaytan wants
only to excite enmity and hatred between you with Khamr and Maysir, and hinder you
from the remembrance of Allah and from the Salah (the prayer). So, will you not
then abstain) (92. And obey Allah and obey the Messenger, and beware. Then if you
turn away, you should know that it is Our Messenger's duty to convey in the clearest
way.) (93. Those who believe and do righteous good deeds, there is no sin on them
for what they ate, if they have Taqwa and believe and do righteous good deeds, and
they (again) have Taqwa and believe, and then (once again) have Taqwa and perform
good. And Allah loves the good-doers.)
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