Allah tells what His Prophet said to his freed slave Zayd bin Harithah, may
Allah be pleased with him, who was the one on whom Allah had bestowed grace,
i.e., through Islam and following the Messenger .
[وَأَنْعَمْتَ
عَلَيْهِ]
(and you have done a favor [to him]) means, by freeing him from slavery. And
he was a great leader, held in high esteem and beloved by the Prophet . He was
known as the beloved, and his son Usamah was known as the beloved son of the
beloved. `A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said: "The Messenger of Allah
never sent him on a campaign but he appointed him as its commander, and if he
had lived after him he would have appointed him as his Khalifah.'' This was
recorded by Imam Ahmad. The Messenger of Allah had given him in marriage to the
daughter of his paternal aunt, Zaynab bint Jahsh Al-Asadiyyah, may Allah be
pleased with her, whose mother was Umaymah bint `Abd Al-Muttalib. For her dowery
he gave her ten Dinars, sixty Dirhams, a veil, a cloak and a shirt, fifty Mudds
of food and ten Mudds of dates. This was stated by Muqatil bin Hayyan. She
stayed with him for a year, more or less, then problems arose between them. Zayd
complained about her to the Messenger of Allah , who told him, "Stay with your
wife and have Taqwa of Allah.'' Allah says:
[وَتُخْفِى فِى
نِفْسِكَ مَا اللَّهُ مُبْدِيهِ وَتَخْشَى النَّاسَ وَاللَّهُ أَحَقُّ أَن
تَخْشَـهُ]
(But you did hide in yourself that which Allah will make manifest, you did
fear the people whereas Allah had a better right that you should fear Him.) Ibn
Jarir narrated that `A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said, "If Muhammad
were to have concealed anything that was revealed to him of the Book of Allah,
he would have concealed this Ayah:
[وَتُخْفِى فِى
نِفْسِكَ مَا اللَّهُ مُبْدِيهِ وَتَخْشَى النَّاسَ وَاللَّهُ أَحَقُّ أَن
تَخْشَـهُ]
(But you did hide in yourself that which Allah will make manifest, you did
fear the people whereas Allah had a better right that you should fear Him.)''
[فَلَمَّا قَضَى
زَيْدٌ مِّنْهَا وَطَراً زَوَّجْنَـكَهَا]
(So, when Zayd had completed his aim with her, We gave her to you in
marriage,) meaning, `when her marriage to Zayd was over and he had separated
from her, We married her to you,' and the One Who was her Wali (guardian) in
this marriage was Allah Himself, in the sense that He revealed to the Prophet
that he should go in unto her without any Wali, contractual agreement, dowery or
witnesses among mankind. Imam Ahmad recorded that Thabit said that Anas, may
Allah be pleased with him, said: "When Zaynab's `Iddah finished, may Allah be
pleased with her, the Messenger of Allah said to Zayd bin Harithah,
«اذْهَبْ
فَاذْكُرْهَا عَلَي»
(Go to her and tell her about me (that I want to marry her).) So, he went to
her and found her kneading dough. He (Zayd) said, `When I saw her I felt such
respect for her that I could not even look at her and tell her what the
Messenger of Allah had said, so I turned my back to her and stepped aside, and
said, `O Zaynab! Rejoice, for the Messenger of Allah has sent me to propose
marriage to you on his behalf.' She said, `I will not do anything until I pray
to my Lord, may He be glorified.' So she went to the place where she usually
prayed. Then Qur'an was revealed and the Messenger of Allah came and entered
without permission. We were there when she entered upon the Messenger of Allah ,
and for the wedding feast we offered bread and meat. Then the people left, and
some men stayed behind conversing in the house after they had eaten. The
Messenger of Allah went out and I followed him. He started to go around all the
apartments of his wives, greeting them, and they said, `O Messenger of Allah,
how did you find your (new) wife' I do not know whether I or someone else told
him that those people had left, so he went and entered the house, and I went to
enter after him, but he drew the curtain between himself and I. The ruling of
Hijab was revealed and he exhorted the people as Allah had exhorted them:
[لاَ تَدْخُلُواْ
بُيُوتَ النَّبِىِّ إِلاَّ أَن يُؤْذَنَ لَكُمْ]
(Enter not the Prophet's houses, unless permission is given to you).'' This
was also recorded by Muslim and An-Nasa'i. Al-Bukhari, may Allah have mercy on
him, recorded that Anas bin Malik, may Allah be pleased with him, said, "Zaynab
bint Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with her, used to boast to the other wives of
the Prophet , saying, `Your families arranged your marriages, but Allah arranged
my marriage from above the seven heavens.''' In (our Tafsir of) Surat An-Nur we
mentioned that Muhammad bin `Abdullah bin Jahsh said: "Zaynab and `A'ishah, may
Allah be pleased with them, were boasting to one another; Zaynab, may Allah be
pleased with her, said, `I am the one whose marriage was revealed from above the
heaven.' `A'ishah, may Allah be pleased with her, said, `I am the one whose
innocence was revealed from heaven.' So, Zaynab conceded that, may Allah be
pleased with her.''
[لِكَىْ لاَ يَكُونَ
عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَرَجٌ فِى أَزْوَاجِ أَدْعِيَآئِهِمْ إِذَا قَضَوْاْ
مِنْهُنَّ وَطَراً]
(so that there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of the wives
of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them.) means, `We
permitted you to marry her, and We did that so that there would no longer be any
difficulty for the believers with regard to their marrying the ex-wives of their
adopted sons.' Before prophethood, the Messenger of Allah had adopted Zayd bin
Harithah, may Allah be pleased with him, and he was known as Zayd, the son of
Muhammad. Allah put a stop to this when He said:
[وَمَا جَعَلَ
أَدْعِيَآءَكُمْ أَبْنَآءَكُمْ]
(nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons) until:
[ادْعُوهُمْ
لاًّبَآئِهِمْ هُوَ أَقْسَطُ عِندَ اللَّهِ]
(Call them after their fathers, that is more just with Allah) (33:4-5). Then
this was confirmed and made even clearer by the marriage of the Messenger of
Allah to Zaynab bint Jahsh, may Allah be pleased with her, when Zayd bin
Harithah divorced her. Allah says in Ayat At-Tahrim:
[وَحَلَـئِلُ
أَبْنَآئِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَـبِكُمْ]
(the wives of your sons from your own loins) (4:23) which specifically
excludes adopted sons. This custom (of adopting sons) was widespread among them.
[وَكَانَ أَمْرُ
اللَّهِ مَفْعُولاً]
(And Allah's command must be fulfilled.) means, `this that has happened was
decreed by Allah and was inevitable.' Allah knew that Zaynab, may Allah be
pleased with her, would become one of the wives of the Prophet .
[مَّا كَانَ عَلَى
النَّبِىِّ مِنْ حَرَجٍ فِيمَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَهُ سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِى الَّذِينَ
خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلُ وَكَانَ أَمْرُ اللَّهِ قَدَراً مَّقْدُوراً ]
(38. There is no blame on the Prophet in that which Allah has made legal for
him. That has been Allah's way with those who have passed away of old. And the
command of Allah is a decree determined.)
[مَّا كَانَ عَلَى
النَّبِىِّ مِنْ حَرَجٍ فِيمَا فَرَضَ اللَّهُ لَهُ]
(There is no blame on the Prophet in that which Allah has made legal for
him.) means, in that which has been permitted for him and which he has been
commanded to do, i.e. his marrying Zaynab, may Allah be pleased with her,, who
had been divorced by his adopted son Zayd bin Harithah,
[سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِى
الَّذِينَ خَلَوْاْ مِن قَبْلُ]
(That has been Allah's way with those who have passed away of old.) means
this is the ruling of Allah for the Prophets who came before him. Allah would
not command them to do anything for which they might be blamed. This is a
refutation of those hypocrites who imagined that there was anything wrong with
his marrying the ex-wife of Zayd, his freed slave and adopted son.
[وَكَانَ أَمْرُ
اللَّهِ قَدَراً مَّقْدُوراً]
(And the command of Allah is a decree determined.) means, His command which
He has decreed must inevitably come to pass; nothing can prevent it or avert it,
for whatever He wills happens, and whatever He does not decree, does not happen.
[الَّذِينَ
يُبَلِّغُونَ رِسَالـتِ اللَّهِ وَيَخْشَوْنَهُ وَلاَ يَخْشَوْنَ أَحَداً إِلاَّ
اللَّهَ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ حَسِيباً - مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَآ أَحَدٍ مّن
رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَـكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ
بِكُلِّ شَىْءٍ عَلِيماً ]
(39. Those who convey the Message of Allah and fear Him, and fear none save
Allah. And sufficient is Allah as a Reckoner.) (40. Muhammad is not the father
of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allah and the last of the
Prophets. And Allah is Ever All-Aware of everything.)
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